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This article has no lead section. Please help by adding an introductory section to this article. For more information, see the layout guide, and Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, and join in a discussion of the issue on the talk page. (May 2010) This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help by adding relevant internal links, or by improving the article's layout. (May 2010) Click [show] on right for more details. Please replace HTML markup with wiki markup where appropriate. Add wikilinks. Where appropriate, make links to other articles by putting "[[" and "]]" on either side of relevant words (see WP:LINK for more information). Please do not link terms that most readers are familiar with, such as common occupations, well-known geographical terms, and everyday items. Format the lead. Create or improve the lead paragraph. Arrange section headers as described at Wikipedia:Guide to layout. Add an infobox if it is appropriate for the article. Remove this tag. Contents 1 History 1.1 Direct uses 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History Geothermal energy exploitation in China started approximately around 1970. In the socialist planned economy geothermal exploration was handled by national bodies with public investments. Drilled productive wells were transferred free of charge to the final user. Since the mid-'80s, under the framework of privatization and liberalization of the economy, national investment in exploration has been reduced. No new plants have been commissioned in the period 2000-2005 (Zheng et al., 2005; Battocletti et al., 2000). The only electricity producing fields are located in Tibet. According to the "2005 Chinese Geothermal Environment Bulletin" by China's Ministry of Land and Resources, the direct utilization of geothermal energy in China will reach 13.76 cubic meters per second, and the geothermal energy will reach 10,779 megawatts, ranking first in the world [1]. However such programme has not been started so far. The most important field is Yangbajain, with eight double flash units for a total capacity of 24 MW, fueled from a water dominated shallow reservoir at 140–160 °C with 18 wells of average depth 200 m. The field extension is only 4 km2, although there are clear indications of a total thermal anomaly of 15 km2. The annual energy production is approximately 100 GW·h, about 30% of the needs of the Tibetan capital, Lhasa. A deep reservoir has been discovered beneath the shallow Yangbajain field. It is characterized by high temperatures (250–330 °C has been measured at 1,500–1,800 m depth). The field potential is estimated at about 50–90 MW. It is still un-exploited. A 2,500 m deep well has been drilled in 2004, reaching the deep reservoir at 1,000–1,300 m. Its evaluation is ongoing. Additional plants are installed in Langju, West Tibet (two double flash unit, 1 MW each, 80–180 °C) and a 1 MW binary power station (60–170 °C) is operating in Nagqu. Two small 300 kW plants are operating in Guangdong and Hunan. In Taiwan, a 3 MW single flash unit operated at Qingshui field from 1981 (the reservoir is shallow, less than 500 m depth, at 150–220 °C). A 300 kW binary unit (Tu Chang) was installed in the same field, but exploiting fluid with a maximum temperature of 170 °C. In 1994 these plants stopped their operational activities. Taken from Ruggero Bertani's paper, " World Geothermal Generation 2001-2005: State of the Art", published in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April 2005. Direct uses Total thermal installed capacity in MWt: 3,687.0 Direct use in TJ/yr: 45,373.0 Direct use in GW·h/yr: 12,604.6 Capacity factor: 0.39 This country is again one of the major users of the direct-use of geothermal energy. Zheng et al. (2005) discusses the latest developments. It appears that along with the restructuring of the economy, national investment in geothermal has decreased. However, as the living standard of the population has risen, geothermal has found favor in that the waters are used more for health, tourism, and balneology in various hot springs. Investors are looking to increase their investment, which has led to an upsurge in geothermal drilling and utilization particularly in the coastal regions of Beijing and Tianjin. The management of the resource also plays a big role particularly in the large cities. Here, efficiency in utilization has improved dramatically and environmental concerns are being addressed. For example, in Beijing the total rate of extraction of hot water has been kept stable and has even decreased slightly but energy utilization in terms of GWh produced has increased significantly. The data of Zheng et al. (2005) show that for the whole of China the installed capacity has risen to 3,687 MWt with an annual energy use of 45,373 TJ/yr (including 15 heat pump units ranging from 220 to 760-kW in capacity operating at an equivalent 2,880 full-load hours annually), from the 2000 (Lund and Freeston, 2001) figures of 2,282 MWt and 37,908 TJ/yr an increase in annual energy use of about 20%. Geothermal space heating covers 12.7 million m2 and greenhouse heating cover about 1.33 million m2. There are about 1,600 public hot spring bathing houses and swimming pools, including about 430 where balneology and medical practices prevail in the country. The details of the specific uses are as follows: district heating (550 MWt and 6,391 TJ/yr); greenhouse heating (103 MWt and 1,176 TJ/yr); fish farming (174 MWt and 1,921 TJ/yr); agricultural drying (80 MWt and 1,007 TJ/yr); industrial process heat (139 MWt and 2,603 TJ/yr); bathing and swimming (1,991 MWt and 25,095 TJ/yr); other uses (monitoring) (19 MWt and 611 TJ/yr); and heat pumps (631 MWt and 6,569 TJ/yr). See also Geothermal power Xianyang -- China's "geothermal energy city" References Geothermal Resources in China Geothermal power in China EASTERN CHINA Geothermal Education Office Further reading Hu, K.; Nakagaki, O.; Fukuda, M. Geothermal Energy in China: Status and Problems. VOL.1999;NO.;PAGE.51(1999) Z. Wan; Y. Zhau; J. Kang. Forecast and evaluation of hot dry rock geothermal resource in China. 2005, vol. 30, no12, pp. 1831–1846 [16 page(s) (article)] (45 ref.) Geothermal Resources Exploration, Development and Management in China China starts tapping rich geothermal resources. Geothermal Energy, vol. 8, Aug.-Sept. 1980, p. 22, 23. Geothermal District Heating System in Tanggu, Tianjin, China External links China New Energy Network (CNE) China's Geothermal City Opens New Heating Utility December 6, 2006 Study Project on China Geothermal Energy Development Strategies has been contracted International Geothermal Association, Geothermal Power in China v · d · eGeothermal power Geothermal power Geothermal energy • Geothermal electricity • Geothermal heating • Geothermal gradient By country Armenia • Australia • Canada • Chile • China • Denmark • El Salvador • Germany • Iceland • Indonesia • Japan • Kenya • Lithuania • Mexico • New Zealand • Portugal • Philippines • Romania • Russia • Turkey • United Kingdom • United States • West Indies Technologies Aquaculture • Desalination • Geothermal heat pump • District heating • Binary Cycle • EGS • Heat pump Energy Concepts Baseload power • Capacity factor • Energy storage • Energy subsidies • EROEI Portals: Renewable energy • Energy • Sustainable development v · d · eRenewable energy by country Wind by region Asia · Europe (EU) by country Australia · Austria · Belgium · Brazil · Canada · China ·  · Croatia · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Greece · India · Iran · Ireland · Italy · Japan · Malta  · Morocco  · New Zealand · Pakistan · Portugal · Romania · Spain · Sweden · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States Solar by region Asia · Europe (EU) by country Australia · Canada · China · Germany · Greece · India · Israel · Japan · Morocco · Pakistan · Portugal · Romania · Spain · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States Geothermal by country Australia · Canada · Chile · China · Denmark · Germany · Iceland · Indonesia · Japan · Kenya · Mexico · New Zealand · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · Russia · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States · West Indies Portals: Energy · Renewable energy · Sustainable development v · d · eEnergy in the People's Republic of China Topics Climate change · Energy policy · Energy security · Renewable energy · Electric power industry · Carbon trading scheme  · China Beijing Environmental Exchange  · Power stations Agency State Electricity Regulatory Commission Sources Bioenergy · Coal · Geothermal · Hydroelectricity ( Hydroelectric power stations) · Nuclear · Oil shale · Petroleum industry · Solar · Wind Electricity generation and transmission HVDC Zhoushan · HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai · HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou · HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong · Three Gorges Dam · HVDC Tian–Guang · Ultra high voltage electricity transmission in China · Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC Energy in China · Energy Portal · Sustainable development portal