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In 1862 the California legislature passed An Act to Protect Free White Labor Against Competition with Chinese Coolie Labor, and [sic] to Discourage The Immigration of the Chinese into the State of California. The act, which would be referred to as the Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 in short, was passed by the California legislature in an attempt to appease rising anger among white laborers about salary competition created by the influx of Chinese immigrants at the height of the California gold rush. The act sought to protect white laborers by imposing a monthly tax on Chinese immigrants seeking to do business in the state of California. Contents 1 Initial Frustration with Chinese Labor 2 Coolie Clubs 3 Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Initial Frustration with Chinese Labor Prior to the California gold rush of the 1850s, the Chinese population in the West, described at the time with the derogatory term “coolie,” was minimal and tolerated by many Americans who migrated to the West to explore the new frontier. However, the California gold rush not only led to a steep increase in the white American population but also in the Chinese through immigration to the West. In 1852, California experienced an influx of 20,026 Chinese immigrants as compared to 2,716 just the year before. The large of influx of immigrants were met with race riots as white miners became frustrated with the increased competition for business. The intense emotions felt by a dense workforce, however, had more room to heat up, as they were exacerbated when America went through a recession between 1853 and 1854. The 1853 recession, characterized by low growth in the United States economy, featured American businesses contracting by 18.4% as interest rates rose and railroad investments decreased. The decrease in railroad investments drastically slowed down investments in the Wild West of California. What’s more, commodity prices, including gold, dropped during that period. Thus, coupling the decrease in railroad investments with falling gold prices, the very source of the West’s boom was strongly hurt and this served to worsen conditions in the West. The atmosphere would then become increasingly hostile, as segregation tools in the region were created, beginning with the creation of “coolie clubs.” Coolie Clubs In the wake of the 1853 recession, many Californians who owned the rights to the land on which the gold was mined were looking for cheap labor to maximize profits. Chinese immigrants, coming to America as a result of poor opportunities in their homeland, accepted lower wages and became the preferred option of labor for many of the landowners. Domestic miners responded with the creation of “anticoolie” clubs that sought to create clear divisions between white workers and Chinese workers. The clubs almost served like white unions that represented the interests of the white miners in the West, and they expanded in prominence as manufacturing jobs moved to the West and Chinese workers continued to play the role of cheap labor. In 1857, just a few years prior to the passage of the Anti-Coolie Act in California, Chinese workers were accepting wages between one and two dollars less than their white counterparts. Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 The California legislature’s formal attack on Chinese immigrants began in 1852 with the passage of a foreign miners’ tax that imposed a three-dollar monthly tax on foreign miners in the state. In 1885, the Chinese legislature followed up the passage of that act with An Act to Discourage the Immigration to this State of Persons Who Cannot Become Citizens Thereof. However, after more pressure came from white miners, who teamed up with sympathizers in the Democratic Party to encourage the passage of the Anti-Coolie Act, it was indeed passed. Ratified by California’s state legislature on April 26, 1862, the act was an attempt to increase the scope of their authority by levying a $2.50 tax on anyone of Chinese origin who applied for licenses “to work in the mines, or to prosecute some kind of business…” Since Chinese workers subsisted on wages of $3 to $4 a month, the tax was a significant burden to shoulder. Yet, with the Chinese population still steadily increasing, reaching 107,000 in 1890, the act marked only the beginning of direct segregation against the Chinese. What would follow from the 1862 Anti-Coolie Act would be several anti-Chinese acts that served to discriminate against them. Eight years later, the U.S. government passed the Naturalization Act of 1870, which restricted naturalization to whites and blacks. Twelve years after that, the United States Congress would pass the Chinese Exclusion Act, which more directly restricted Chinese immigration and naturalization. See also Chinese immigration to the United States References 1. Ancheta, Angelo N. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2006. Print. 2. Boswell, Terry E. "A Split Labor Market Analysis of Discrimination Against Chinese Immigrants, 1850-1882." American Sociological Review 51.3 (1986): 352-71. Print. 3. "California's Anti-Coolie Act of 1862." DRCNet Online Library of Drug Policy. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. <http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/1870/anticoolieact.htm>. 4. "Citizenship and Race - NATURALIZATION ACT OF 1870, WHITENESS AND RACIAL PREREQUISITE CASES, SECOND-CLASS Read More: Citizenship and Race - NATURALIZATION ACT OF 1870, WHITENESS AND RACIAL PREREQUISITE CASES, SECOND-CLASS." Online 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. <http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6061/Citizenship-and-Race.html>. 5. Hittell, Theodore Henry. History of California, Vol. 4. N.J. Stone & Co., 1897. Coolidge, Mary. 1909. Chinese Immigration. New York: Holt 6. Zarnowitz, Victor. Business Cycles: Theory, History, Indicators, and Forecasting. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996. Print. External links The Full Text of the Act v · d · eChinese American topics Related groups Chinese American · American-born Chinese · Taiwanese American · Asian American · Hyphenated American History Chinese American history · Chinese immigration to Hawaii · Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico — Related legislation: Anti-Chinese legislation · Anti-Coolie Act · Chinese Exclusion Act · Geary Act · Immigration Act of 1924 · Cable Act · Magnuson Act · Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 — Events: Chinese massacre of 1871 · Tape v. Hurley (1884) · Issaquah riot of 1885 · Rock Springs massacre (1885) · Tacoma riot of 1885 (1885) · Seattle riot of 1886 · Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) · Chinese Massacre Cove (1887) · United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) · Death of Vincent Chin (1982) Chinatowns List of Chinatowns in the United States · Chinatowns in Canada and the United States · Boston · Chicago · Houston · Las Vegas · Los Angeles · Manhattan · Oakland · Philadelphia · San Francisco · Washington, D.C. — Transport: Chinatown bus lines Culture Food: American Chinese cuisine — Film: American Chinese films — Terminology: Chinaman's chance · Jook-sing — Events: Love boat Museums Museum of Chinese in America · Chinese American Museum · Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum · Wo Hing Museum Organizations List of Chinese American associations · Chinese American Citizens Alliance · Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association · Chinese Historical Society of Southern California · Chinese Society Halls on Maui · Ying On Association · Chinese Staff and Workers' Association · Chinese for Affirmative Action · Committee of 100 · Organization of Chinese Americans · Bing Kong Tong · Hip Sing Association Banks Cathay Bank · United International Bank · Global Commerce Bank · East West Bank · Others Lists List of Chinese Americans · List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese American populations This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · d · e This article relating to law in the United States, or its constituent jurisdictions is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · d · e