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Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Born 5 June 1656 Aix-en-Provence Died 28 December 1708 Nationality French Fields botany Known for genus Influenced Charles Plumier His Research Journeys, 1656 - 1708 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (5 June 1656 – 28 December 1708) was a French botanist, notable as the first to make a clear definition of the concept of genus for plants. Contents 1 Biography 2 Contributions 3 Works 4 See also 5 References 6 External links // Biography Tournefort was born in Aix-en-Provence and studied at the Jesuit convent there. It was intended that he enter the Church, but the death of his father allowed him to follow his interest in botany. After two years collecting, he studied medicine at Montpellier, but was appointed professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris in 1683. During this time he travelled through Western Europe, particularly the Pyrenees, where he made extensive collections. Between 1700 and 1702 he travelled through the islands of Greece and visited Constantinople, the borders of the Black Sea, Armenia, and Georgia, collecting plants and undertaking other types of observations. He was accompanied by the German botanist Andreas Gundesheimer (1668–1715) and the artist Claude Aubriet (1651–1743). His description of this journey was published posthumously (Relation d'un voyage du Levant), he himself having been killed by a carriage in Paris; the road on which he died now bears his name (Rue de Tournefort in the 5ème arrondissement). Contributions His principal work was the 1694 Eléments de botanique, ou Méthode pour reconnaître les Plantes (the Latin translation of it Institutiones rei herbariae was published twice in 1700 and 1719). The classification followed was completely artificial, and neglected some important divisions established by earlier botanists, such as John Ray's separation of the phanerogams from the cryptogams, and his division of the flowing plants into monocots and dicots. Overall it was a step backwards in systematics, yet the text was so clearly written and well structured, and contained so much valuable information on individual species, that it became popular amongst botanists, and nearly all classifications published for the next fifty years were based upon it.[1] Tournefort is often credited with being the first to make a clear distinction between genus and species. Though he did indeed cluster the 7,000 plant species that he described into around 700 genera, this was not particularly original. Concepts of genus and species had been framed as early as the 16th century, and Kaspar Bauhin in particular consistently distinguished genera and species. Augustus Quirinus Rivinus had even advocated the use of binary nomenclature shortly before Tournefort's work was published.[1] The word "herbarium" also seems to have been an invention of Tournefort; previously herbaria had been called by a variety of names, such as Hortus siccus. The botanist Charles Plumier had been his pupil and accompanied him on his voyages. The standard author abbreviation Tourn. may be used to indicate this person in citing a botanical name. As names of plants published before 1 May 1753 have no official status the abbreviation of this pre-Linnaean botanist will seldom be used. Works Élémens de botanique, 1694 Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux environs de Paris, 1698 Institutiones rei herbariae, editio altera, 1700 and 1719 (Latin translation of Élémens de botanique) Relation d'un voyage du Levant, 1717 Traité de la matière médicale, 1717 See also Antoine de Jussieu Bernard de Jussieu Michel Adanson References ^ a b Sachs, Julius von; Garnsey, Henry E. F. (translator); Balfour, Isaac Bayley (editor) (1890). History of Botany (1530–1860). Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 76–78.   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.  Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press. pp. 71–73.  External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Joseph Pitton de Tournefort KUL Digital version of Elemens de botanique ou methode pour connoitre les plantes 1694-1695. Persondata Name Tournefort, Joseph Pitton De Alternative names Short description Date of birth 5 June 1656 Place of birth Aix-en-Provence Date of death 28 December 1708 Place of death