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For other people named Samuel Hoare, see Samuel Hoare (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) The Right Honourable The Viscount Templewood  GCSI GBE CMG PC Home Secretary In office 28 May 1937 – 3 September 1939 Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin Neville Chamberlain Preceded by Sir John Simon Succeeded by Sir John Anderson Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs In office 7 June 1935 – 18 December 1935 Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin Preceded by Sir John Simon Succeeded by Anthony Eden Personal details Born 24 February 1880 (2011-06-28T04:50:15) Died 7 May 1959 (2011-06-28T04:50:16) (aged 79) Nationality British Political party Conservative Spouse(s) Lady Maud Lygon Alma mater New College, Oxford Samuel John Gurney Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood GCSI, GBE, CMG, PC (24 February 1880 – 7 May 1959), more commonly known as Sir Samuel Hoare, was a senior British Conservative politician who served in various Cabinet posts in the Conservative and National governments of the 1920s and 1930s. He was Secretary of State for Air during most of the 1920s and briefly again in 1940. He is perhaps most famous for serving as Foreign Secretary in 1935, when he authored the Hoare–Laval Pact with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval. He also served as Home Secretary from 1937 to 1939 and as British ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944. Contents 1 Youth 2 Entry into politics 3 Hoare after the outbreak of World War II 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links 6.1 Some bibliographical references Youth He was a descendant of the Quaker Samuel Hoare and the son of Sir Samuel Hoare, 1st Baronet. Hoare was educated at Harrow and New College, Oxford. Entry into politics Hoare was first elected to the House of Commons at the January 1910 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelsea. In these early years he was a member of the Anti-Socialist Union.[1] Serving in World War I as a soldier, and apparently on intelligence duties in Russia and in Italy, he met (and recruited for MI5) the then unknown Benito Mussolini. Newly uncovered documents show that Britain’s overseas intelligence service helped Benito Mussolini finance his first forays into Italian politics. Hoping to keep Italy on its side in 1917, during World War I, MI5 gave Mussolini, then 34 and editor of a right-wing newspaper, the equivalent of what’s now $9,500 a week to keep propaganda flowing.[2] Hoare returned to enter parliament and became one of the principal Conservatives who revolted against continued participation in the government of David Lloyd George in 1922. He was rewarded with the position of Secretary of State for Air, which he held in all the various Conservative governments of the 1920s. When the Conservatives joined the National Government in 1931, Hoare became Secretary of State for India in which capacity he negotiated, with great difficulty, the passage of the landmark Government of India Act 1935. He was, however, most famous for his activities as Foreign Secretary beginning in 1935. In 1935, Hoare was instrumental in obtaining approval for the British rescue effort on behalf of endangered Jewish children in Europe known as the Kindertransport. In the same year, Hoare dealt with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. Together with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval, he developed the so-called Hoare–Laval Pact, which would have granted Italy considerable territorial concessions in Ethiopia, and put the rump of Ethiopia under Italian hegemony. In his memoirs Hoare claimed that his intentions were twofold: to appease Italy to keep Mussolini away from a German alliance, and to find a compromise which preserved elements of the Ethiopian state from Mussolini. He admitted that his negotiations in Paris with Laval had caught him at a disadvantage. He noted that in the absence of the Hoare–Laval Pact the Italians seized all of Ethiopia, and drew closer to Germany leading eventually to the destabilisation of Austria and the indefensibility of Czechoslovakia. The public uproar against this apparent sell-out of the Ethiopians led to Hoare's resignation as Foreign Secretary at the end of the year. His successor was Anthony Eden. When Eden had his first audience with King George V, the King is said to have remarked "No more coals to Newcastle, no more Hoares to Paris." At least in retrospect Hoare stressed that he shared with Chamberlain's close allies a realist position - conscious of the need to prevent a military conjunction of Germany, Italy and Japan which would be too great for Britain's naval power unless France were to prove robust and the Americans would abandon their isolationism. The minority alternative which emerged, led in particular by Eden, would have confronted Italy without regard to the German threat. Hoare quickly returned to important posts in government, at Baldwin's invitation. This was too quickly, Halifax thought, who criticised Baldwin for giving in to Hoare's importunity. Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in 1936, Hoare vigorously endorsed Britain's naval rearmament, including ordering the first three King George V class battleships, and worked to reverse the subordination of the British naval aviation to the Royal Air Force. Hoare was consistently close to Chamberlain, on whose taking over from Baldwin, Hoare was moved to the Home Office. The descendant of Quaker prison reformers, he oversaw significant judicial reforms but these were largely held up by the advent of war in 1939: he had intended to abolish corporal punishment in prisons and had been keen to work towards the abolition of the death penalty, of whose risks he was very aware. Along with Halifax and Simon he was a key member of Chamberlain's inner ministerial circle and his account of Munich is anguished. Hoare had close links to the Czech government. In retirement he stood strongly by Chamberlain's essential judgements, but regretted Chamberlain's lack of sensitivity in foreign affairs, and his tendency for personal intervention which not only led to his failure to retain Eden, but overrode his Foreign Office advisers. But as Hoare repeatedly points out, public opinion was vociferously pacifist and Chamberlain's actions were widely endorsed, not least by Roosevelt. The Labour opposition strongly opposed rearmament and the introduction of conscription, even after Munich. But in spring 1939 Hoare aligned himself very firmly with Chamberlain's upbeat belief that war was now unlikely, rather than with Halifax's increasing focus on shoring up alliances and rearming for a conflict that to the Foreign Secretary seemed imminent. “ These five men, working together in Europe and blessed in their efforts by the President of the United States of America, might make themselves eternal benefactors of the human race. ” Samuel Hoare speaking of a possible future disarmament conference between Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Edouard Daladier, Joseph Stalin and Neville Chamberlain, March 1939[3] Hoare after the outbreak of World War II On the outbreak of war, Hoare became Lord Privy Seal in the War Cabinet, with a wide-ranging brief, until the downfall of the Neville Chamberlain regime. Hoare was one of the foremost Chamberlain loyalists, and was shocked at the apparent disloyalty of others such as Halifax. In May 1940 the resignations of Hoare, Sir John Simon and Kingsley Wood were essential conditions for the broadening of the Chamberlain government. On Winston Churchill's appointment as Prime Minister in 1940, Hoare lost his cabinet position, and was after some months of unemployment, sent as Ambassador to Spain, with his wife Lady Maud Hoare. In this demanding and critical role he sought to encourage Francisco Franco, whom he loathed and whom he found a puzzling and obtuse interlocutor, to keep Spain out of the war, in which he was successful. His fluent memoir of this period "Ambassador on Special Mission" is an excellent insight into the day to day life of a demanding diplomatic position; his primary challenge was to dissuade Franco from his preferred drift to the Axis powers, while preventing the Allies from reacting with undue haste to repeated Spanish provocations. Hoare's memoir however is not completely frank about his deployment of an array of bluff, leaks, bribery and subterfuge to disrupt unfriendly elements in Franco's regime, and the operations of the German Embassy; but they were remembered fondly by his team. He remained Ambassador until 1944 when, with the issue of the war no longer in doubt, he returned to Britain and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Templewood, of Chelsea in the County of Middlesex. From 1937 to 1959 he served as Chancellor of the University of Reading.[4] The baronetcy and peerage became extinct upon his death in 1959. Legacy Hoare was literate and widely read in several languages, especially French, but appears also to have picked up a command of the Spanish language and its literature during his embassy there. He was a keen tennis player, and on his dismissal from office in 1935 convalesced in Switzerland by practising for a skating contest. His career included demanding work in Russia and Italy during World War I, followed by the good fortune to be part of the wave of young Conservatives propelled into the 1922 government, which ensured he spent most of the next 18 years in increasingly senior Cabinet positions, followed by four years in the embassy in Fascist Spain. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Samuel Hoare References ^ Markku Ruotsila, British and American Anticommunism Before the Cold War, Routledge, 2001, p. 8 ^ Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. Benito Mussolini | World news|The Guardian ^ INTERNATIONAL: Peace Week, TIME Magazine, March 20, 1939 ^ J. C Holt, 'The University of Reading: the first fifty years', Reading: University of Reading Press, 1976, p. 331 External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Samuel Hoare Some bibliographical references Sir Samuel Hoare, Viscount Templewood, Ambassador on Special Mission, Collins ed. (1946), 320 pages. No ISBN registration as it was printed before 1970. Edited in Spanish translation by Sedmay ed. Madrid (1977) . Manuel Ros Agudo. La guerra secreta de Franco, (1939 - 1945). 410 pages. In panish. edit. Editorial Critica, (2002), ISBN 84-8432-383-8 Charles B. Burdick. Germany's Military strategy and Spain In World War II.Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, U.S.A. , (1968). 228 pages. ISBN 256692 Cristian Leitz. Economic relations between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain, 1936 - 1945. Oxford Historical Monographs. Clarendon Press, Oxford, (1995). ISBN 10: 0198206453 R.J.Q. Adams, Stanford University British Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of Appeasement, 1935-1939, Stanford University Press, (1993), 204 pages. ISBN 9780804721011 Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded by Emslie John Horniman Member of Parliament for Chelsea 1910–1944 Succeeded by William Sidney Political offices Preceded by Frederick Guest Secretary of State for Air 1922–1924 Succeeded by The Lord Thomson Preceded by The Lord Thomson Secretary of State for Air 1924–1929 Succeeded by The Lord Thomson Preceded by William Wedgwood Benn Secretary of State for India 1931–1935 Succeeded by The Marquess of Zetland Preceded by Sir John Simon Foreign Secretary 1935 Succeeded by Anthony Eden Preceded by The Viscount Monsell First Lord of the Admiralty 1936–1937 Succeeded by Duff Cooper Preceded by Sir John Simon Home Secretary 1937–1939 Succeeded by Sir John Anderson Preceded by Sir John Anderson Lord Privy Seal 1939–1940 Succeeded by Sir Kingsley Wood Preceded by Sir Kingsley Wood Secretary of State for Air 1940 Succeeded by Sir Archibald Sinclair Diplomatic posts Preceded by Sir Henry Chilton British ambassador to Spain 1940–1944 Succeeded by Sir Victor Mallet Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded by Samuel Hoare Baronet(of Sidestrand Hall) 1915–1959 Extinct Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Viscount Templewood 1944–1959 Extinct Academic offices Preceded by Sir Austen Chamberlain Chancellor of the University of Reading 1937–1959 Succeeded by Lord Bridges v · d · eSecretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Fox · Grantham · Fox · Temple · Leeds · Grenville · Hawkesbury · Harrowby · Mulgrave · Fox · Howick · Canning · Bathurst · Wellesley · Castlereagh · Canning · Dudley · Aberdeen · Palmerston · Wellington · Palmerston · Aberdeen · Palmerston · Granville · Malmesbury · Russell · Clarendon · Malmesbury · Russell · Clarendon · Stanley · Clarendon · Granville · Derby · Salisbury · Granville · Salisbury · Rosebery · Iddesleigh · Salisbury · Rosebery · Kimberley · Salisbury · Lansdowne · Grey · Balfour · Curzon · MacDonald · Chamberlain · Henderson · Reading · Simon · Hoare · Eden · Halifax · Eden · Bevin · Morrison · Eden · Macmillan · Lloyd · Home · Butler · Gordon Walker · Stewart · Brown · Stewart Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Stewart · Douglas-Home · Callaghan · Crosland · Owen · Carrington · Pym · Howe · Major · Hurd · Rifkind · Cook · Straw · Beckett · Miliband · Hague Book:Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs · Category:British Secretaries of State · Portal:United Kingdom v · d · eHome Secretaries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain Shelburne · Sydney · North · Temple · Sydney · Grenville · Dundas · Portland of the United Kingdom Pelham · Yorke · Hawkesbury · Spencer · Liverpool · Ryder · Sidmouth · Peel · Bourne · Lansdowne · Peel · Melbourne · Duncannon · Wellington · Goulburn · Russell · Normanby · Graham · Grey · Walpole · Palmerston · Grey · Walpole · Sotheron-Estcourt · Cornewall Lewis · Grey · Walpole · Hardy · Bruce · Lowe · Cross · Harcourt · Cross · Childers · Matthews · Asquith · Ridley · Ritchie · Akers-Douglas · Gladstone · Churchill · McKenna · Simon · Samuel · Cave · Shortt · Bridgeman · Henderson · Joynson-Hicks · Clynes · Samuel · Gilmour · Simon · Hoare · Anderson · Morrison · Somervell · Ede · Fyfe · Lloyd George · Butler · Brooke · Soskice · Jenkins · Callaghan · Maudling · Carr · Jenkins · Rees · Whitelaw · Brittan · Hurd · Waddington · Baker · K. Clarke · Howard · Straw · Blunkett · C. Clarke · Reid · Smith · Johnson · May v · d · eWar Cabinet of Neville Chamberlain (1939-1940) Prime Minister Leader of the House of Commons Neville Chamberlain (1939-1940) Lord Privy Seal Sir Samuel Hoare (1939-1940) • Sir Kingsley Wood (1940) Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon (1939-1940) Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax (1939-1940) Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha (1939-1940) • Oliver Stanley (1940) Secretary of State for Air Sir Kingsley Wood (1939-1940) • Sir Samuel Hoare (1940) First Lord of the Admirality Winston Churchill (1939-1940) Minister for Coordination of Defence Lord Chatfield (1939-1940) Minister without Portfolio Lord Hankey (1939-1940) Persondata Name Hoare, Samuel Alternative names Short description Date of birth 24 February 1880 Place of birth Date of death 7 May 1959 Place of death