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This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (August 2009) Crime is a prominent issue in South Africa. South Africa has a high rate of murders, assaults, rapes, and other crimes compared to most countries. Many emigrants from South Africa state that crime was a big factor in their decision to leave.[1] Contents 1 Background 2 Statistics 2.1 Sexual violence 2.2 Car hijackings 2.3 Farm attacks 3 Gated communities 4 Private security companies 5 Financial crimes 5.1 Advance fee fraud 6 See also 7 External resources 8 References Background The government has been criticised for doing too little to stop crime. Provincial legislators have stated that a lack of sufficient equipment has resulted in an ineffective and demoralised South African Police Service.[2] The Government was subject to particular criticism at the time of the Minister of Safety and Security visit to Burundi, for the purpose of promoting peace and democracy, at a time of heightened crime in Gauteng. This spate included the murder of a significant number of people, including members of the South African Police Service, killed while on duty.[3] The criticism was followed by a ministerial announcement that the government would focus its efforts on mitigating the causes for the increase in crime by 30 December 2006. In one province alone, nineteen police officers lost their lives in the first seven months of 2006. Recently, the government has employed a widely publicised gun amnesty programme to reduce the number of weapons in circulation. In 1996, the government adopted the National Crime Prevention Strategy, which aimed to prevent crime through reinforcing community structures and assisting individuals to get back into work.[4] The Minister of Safety and Security, Charles Nqakula, evoked public outcry among South Africans in June 2006 when he responded to opposition MPs in parliament who were not satisfied that enough was being done to counter crime, suggesting that MPs who complain about the country's crime rate, should stop complaining and leave the country.[5] The South African Police Service is responsible for managing 1115 police stations across South Africa.[6] Statistics A survey for the period 1998–2000 compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ranked South Africa second for assault and murder (by all means) per capita and first for rapes per capita in a data set of 60 countries.[7] Total crime per capita was 10th out of the 60 countries in the dataset. The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute have also conducted research[8] on the victims of crime which shows the picture of South African crime as more typical of a developing country. These statistics show that South Africa has lower rates of violent crime than many African and South American countries. The murder rate has increased by an order of magnitude in South Africa during the last 40 years,[9] though it has fallen from 66.9 per 100,000 people in 1994–95 to 37.3 per 100,000 in 2008–09.[10] From 2003–2009, crime decreased significantly according to official police data.[11] According to government statistics, violent crimes such as murder and (reported) robberies decreased in 2007. Between 1994 and 2009, the murder rate reduced by 50% to 34 murders per 100 000 people.[12] Rape and hijacking rates, however, showed no signs of slowdown. Hijackings and cash-in-transit heists, particularly, have been shown to be on the increase. The incidence of rape has led to the country being referred to as the "rape capital of the world".[13] Sexual violence Main article: Sexual violence in South Africa According to a survey for the period 1998–2000 compiled by the UN, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita.[14] One in three of the 4,000 women questioned by the Community of Information, Empowerment and Transparency said they had been raped in the past year.[15] More than 25 per cent of South African men questioned in a survey published by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in June 2009 admitted to rape; of those, nearly half said they had raped more than one person.[16][17] Three out of four of those who had admitted rape indicated that they had attacked for the first time during their teens.[16] South Africa has amongst the highest incidences of child and baby rape in the world.[18] Car hijackings South Africa also has a high record of car hijackings when compared with industrialised countries, typically characterised by a lower rate of car ownership.[citation needed] A South African insurance company, Hollard Insurance, stated in 2007 that they would no longer insure Volkswagen Citi Golfs manufactured in the previous two years as they were one of the most frequently hijacked vehicles in South Africa.[19] Certain high-risk areas are marked with road signs indicating a high incidence of car hi-jackings within the locality.[20] Farm attacks Crime against commercial farmers continues to be a major problem in the country.[21] One incident involved a farmer being stabbed 151 times using various weapons such as a garden fork, panga, shovel, sharp knife and a brick.[22] Gated communities Typically, gated communities are established by the residents of a neighbourhood or group of suburban street blocks, once permission has been obtained from the local municipality. Plans are also subject to approval by traffic analysts. The configuration is typified by blockade fencing erected on the streets at the outskirts of the gated community with one or more access points, which consist of booms in the road that are operated by a security attendant. Most gated communities keep a register of the registration plates of vehicles entering the community (where more than one entrance exists, exiting vehicles may be recorded, too). A privately employed security guard is usually present 24 hours a day.[citation needed] Gated communities are generally located in wealthier areas where residents can afford this type of protection. The Gauteng Local Rationalisation of Government Affairs Act 10 of 1998, makes legal provision for the “Restriction of Access to Public Places for Safety and Security Purposes”, and regulates security access restrictions within Gauteng Province. Chapter 7 of the Act governs the implementation of security access restrictions, and any Council procedures must comply with the provisions it contains.[23] The issue of gated communities is controversial, with some arguing that they are akin to a return to the pass laws. Research suggests that these pose a threat to democracy and risk causing further community division.[24] Those who oppose the concept of gated communities argue that, on the basis of statistics, they are not significantly safer than non-gated communities. The South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) has been asked to report on whether these restrictions on public space are likely to violate human rights, such as freedom of movement.[citation needed] After public hearings were held in September 2004, a special report was released in 2005 by the SAHRC. The Chairperson of the SAHRC, Mr Jody Kollapen wrote, "The Commission, even though satisfied that a legal basis does exist for security access restrictions, including boom gates and road closures, urges local authorities and communities to consider and exhaust alternate access restrictions, including guards and guard houses, traffic calming measures and closed circuit television."[23] The law requires that entry control measures within these communities should not deny anyone access. However, these measures are generally considered effective in deterring traffic and the entry of undesired individuals. It is argued that gated communities limit emergency services' access as a result of the reduced number of entry points and limited boundary depiction on city route maps{{Citation needed| Private security companies See also: Private security industry in South Africa In order to protect themselves and their assets, many businesses and middle- to high-income households in South Africa make use of privately owned security companies with armed security guards. The SAPS (South African Police Service) employ private security companies to patrol and safeguard certain police stations, thereby freeing fully trained police officers to perform their core function of preventing and combating crime.[25] A December 2008 BBC documentary presented by Louis Theroux examined such firms in the Johannesburg area, including the Bad Boyz security company. It is argued that the police response is generally too slow and unreliable, thus private security companies offer a popular form of protection. Private security firms promise response times of two to three minutes.[citation needed] Many levels of protection are offered, from suburban foot patrols to complete security checkpoints at the entry points to homes. Financial crimes Main article: Corruption in South Africa PricewaterhouseCoopers's fourth biennial Global Economic Crime Survey reported a 110% increase in fraud reports from South African companies in 2005. 83% of South African companies reported being affected by white collar crime in 2005, and 72% of South African companies reported being affected in 2007. 64% of the South African companies surveyed stated that they pressed forward with criminal charges upon detection of fraud. 3% of companies said that they each lost more than ten million South African rand in two years due to fraud. Louis Strydom, the head of PricewaterhouseCooper's forensic auditing division, said that the increase in fraud reports originates from "an increased focus on fraud risk management and embedding a culture of whistle-blowing." According to the survey 45% of cases involved a perpetrator between the ages of 31 and 40: 64% of con men held a high education or less.[26] Advance fee fraud Advance fee fraud scammers based in South Africa have in past years reportedly conned people from various parts of the world out of millions of rands.[27] South African police sources stated that Nigerians living in Johannesburg suburbs operate advance fee fraud (419) schemes.[28] In 2002, the South African Minister of Finance, Trevor Manuel, wanted to establish a call centre for businesses to check reputations of businesses due to proliferation of scams such as advance fee fraud, pyramid schemes and fly-by-night operators.[29] In response the South African Police Service has established a project which has identified 419 scams, closing websites and bank accounts where possible.[30] See also Crime Expo South Africa South African farm attacks Taxi wars in South Africa South African Police Service Private security industry in South Africa Law and Disorder in Johannesburg External resources Institute for Security Studies – A regional research institute operating across sub-Saharan Africa. WhiteCollarCrime.co.za – An initiative of Business Against Crime to try help people understand and recognise white collar crime and to teach its prevention. SAPS Crime Statistics 2010 – Crime statistics by year and category provided by the South African Police Service (SAPS). Interactive Crime Map – Crime and Economic Statistics by year and category on a geographic, interactive map provided by the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention (CJCP). South African Crime Map – South African Crime Map (Crowd Sourcing) Neighbourhood Watch Crime Map – Neighbourhood Watch Crime Map Crime Stats 2010 – The latest crime stats all in one directory Crime Watch – An initiative to try educated people about crime prevention as well as provide a community. References ^ Independent Newspapers Online (6 October 2006). "SA's woes spark another exodus". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20061006042605750C824575. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ Police Survey 2006IOL News on crime scourge ^ Independent Newspapers Online (5 July 2006). "DA challenge on Burundi". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=qw1152097740656B265. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ "Independent Projects Trust: Crime prevention projects". Ipt.co.za. http://www.ipt.co.za/crimeprevention.asp. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ Fight or flight?, Cape Argus, 2 June 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2006. ^ "Police (per capita) (most recent) by country". http://www.nationmaster.com/country/sf-south-africa/cri-crime. Retrieved 11 April 2010.  ^ NationMaster: South African crime statistics. Retrieved 28 September 2006. ^ Victimisation in the developing world, United Nations Crime and Justice Research Institute ^ Coloured homicide trends in South Africa Institute for Security Studies, March 2004. Retrieved 20 November 2010. ^ "The great scourges". The Economist. 3 June 2010. http://www.economist.com/node/16248609. Retrieved 5 January 2011.  ^ Crime Statistics in the RSA for the period April 2003 to March 2009 South African Police Service ^ Crime, security in SA..., IOL, 6 November 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007. ^ SA 'rape capital' of the world, News24, 22 November 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2007. ^ "NationMaster: South African Crime Statistics". http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/sf/Crime&b_cite=1.  ^ "Rape- silent war on SA women". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1909220.stm. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ a b "South African rape survey shock." BBC News. 18 June 2009. ^ "Quarter of men in South Africa admit rape, survey finds". The Guardian. 17 June 2009. ^ Perry, Alex (5 November 2007). "Oprah scandal rocks South Africa". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ Independent Newspapers Online (24 October 2007). "Why insurance firm snubs Citi Golfs". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=vn20071024035941577C493360. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ "Extreme weekend". SecondBestBlog.com. 15 April 2007. http://www.secondbestblog.com/2007/04/extreme-weekend.html. Retrieved 17 July 2008.  ^ Farmer killed, dragged behind bakkie, news24.com, Retrieved 2 May 2011. ^ Farmer stabbed 151 times, news24.com, Retrieved 25 May 2011. ^ a b [1][dead link] ^ Karina Landman, Gated communities in South Africa: Building bridges or barriers?, International Conference on Private Urban Governance, Mainz, Germany, 6–9 June 2002. Retrieved 28 September 2006. ^ Cops spend R100m on private security protection, SABCnews.com, 10 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007. ^ "SA, capital of white-collar crime," Mail & Guardian ^ Independent Newspapers Online (7 March 2004). "419 fraud schemes net R100m in SA". Iol.co.za. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=15&art_id=ct2004030710560989S52026&set_id=1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.  ^ "Rip-off artists exploit land reform," The Namibian ^ "How to impersonate a central bank via email," Times of India ^ "Crime Prevention – 419 Scams". Saps.gov.za. http://www.saps.gov.za/crime_prevention/commercial_crime/419_scams/project.htm. 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