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The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by the Scottish physician John Scott Haldane. Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide. Contents 1 Carbamino 2 Buffering 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Carbamino Carbon dioxide can bind to amino groups, creating carbamino compounds. Amino groups are available for binding at the N-terminals and at side-chains of arginine and lysine residues in hemoglobin. This forms carbaminohemoglobin. Carbaminohemoglobin is the major contributor to the Haldane effect.[1] Buffering Histidine residues in hemoglobin can accept protons and act as buffers. Reduced (deoxygenated) hemoglobin is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated form.[1] In red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates to bicarbonate and a free proton: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the right, thus the enhanced affinity of deoxyhemoglobin for protons enhances synthesis of bicarbonate and accordingly increases capacity of deoxygenated blood for carbon dioxide. The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Only a very small amount is actually dissolved as carbon dioxide, and the remaining amount of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin. In addition to enhancing removal of carbon dioxide from oxygen-consuming tissues, the Haldane effect promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin in the presence of oxygen. In the oxygen-rich capillaries of the lung, this property causes the displacement of carbon dioxide to plasma as venous blood enters the alveolus and is vital for alveolar gas exchange. The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2; however, this equation is confusing as it reflects primarily the Bohr effect. The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H+ from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO2 formation; therefore, CO2 is released from RBCs. Clinical significance In patients with lung disease, lungs may not be able to increase alveolar ventilation in the face of increased amounts of dissolved CO2. This partially explains the observation that some patients with emphysema might have an increase in PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial dissolved carbon dioxide) following administration of supplemental oxygen even if content of CO2 stays equal.[2] See also Bohr effect References ^ a b Lumb, AB (2000). Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (5th ed.). Butterworth Heinemann. p. 227–229. ISBN 0-7506-3107-4.  ^ Hanson, CW; Marshall BE, Frasch HF, Marshall C (January 1996). "Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Critical Care Medicine 24 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1097/00003246-199601000-00007. PMID 8565533.  External links Physiology at MCG 4/4ch5/s4ch5_31 Overview at umc.edu Overview at vcu.edu v · d · eRespiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology Lung volumes VC · FRC · Vt · dead space · CC · PEF calculations: respiratory minute volume · FEV1/FVC ratio methods of lung testing: spirometry · body plethysmography · peak flow meter · nitrogen washout Airways/ ventilation (V) positive pressure ventilation · breath (inhalation, exhalation) · respiratory rate · respirometer · pulmonary surfactant · compliance · hysteresivity · airway resistance · bronchial hyperresponsiveness · bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation Blood/ perfusion (Q) pulmonary circulation · hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction · pulmonary shunt Interactions/ ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) ventilation/perfusion scan · zones of the lung · gas exchange · pulmonary gas pressures · alveolar gas equation  · alveolar-arterial gradient  · hemoglobin · oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation, 2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) · carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) · oxyhemoglobin · respiratory quotient  · arterial blood gas  · diffusion capacity (DLCO) Control of respiration pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) · medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) · chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) · pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) Insufficiency high altitude · oxygen toxicity · hypoxia M: RES anat(n, x, l, c)/phys/devp noco(c)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(R1/2/3/5/6/7) This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · d · e