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This article may require cleaning up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2007) (Consider using more specific clean up instructions.) In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Contents 1 Types of case reports 2 Usefulness and validity 3 Advantages 4 Famous scientific case reports 5 Publishing case reports 6 Use of term outside science 7 References 8 See also Types of case reports Most case reports are on one of six topics[1]: An unexpected association between diseases or symptoms. An unexpected event in the course of observing or treating a patient. Findings that shed new light on the possible pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect. Unique or rare features of a disease. Unique therapeutic approaches. A positional or quantitative variation of the anatomical structures. Usefulness and validity A case report is a type of anecdotal evidence. As such, it is less scientifically rigorous than controlled clinical data involving a larger sample size. Proponents argue that case reports have value within scientific method: They permit discovery of new diseases and unexpected effects (adverse or beneficial) as well as the study of mechanisms, and they play an important role in medical education. Case reports and series have a high sensitivity for detecting novelty and therefore remain one of the cornerstones of medical progress; they provide many new ideas in medicine. (Vandenbroucke, 2001) Whereas randomized clinical trials are usually only inspect one variable or very few variables, rarely reflecting the full picture of a complicated medical situation, the case report can detail many different aspects of the patient’s medical situation (e.g. patient history, physical examination, diagnosis, psychosocial aspects, follow up).[2] Advantages Other advantages of case reports are being published quickly in comparison to randomized control trials, making them to be a kind of rapid short communication between clinicians, and being authored by busy clinicians who probably do not have the time or money to conduct large scale research.[2] Famous scientific case reports Sigmund Freud reported on numerous cases, including Anna O., Dora, Little Hans, Rat Man, and Wolf Man Frederick Treves reported on "The Elephant Man" Paul Broca reported on language impairment following left hemisphere lesions in the 1860s. Joseph Jules Dejerine reported on a case of pure alexia. William MacIntyre reported on a case of multiple myeloma (described in the 1840s). Christiaan Barnard described the world's first heart transplant as a case report Publishing case reports Many international journals will publish case reports, but they restrict the number that appear in the print run because this has an adverse effect on the journal Impact Factor. Case reports are often put in the internet part of the journal and there is often still a requirement for a subscription to access them. However there are a few that are devoted to publishing case reports alone, and these are all Open Access. The first of these to start publishing, in 2001, is Grand Rounds. Other similar journals include Case Reports in Medicine, Journal of Medical Case Reports, and Cases Journal; all of them publish peer reviewed case reports in all areas of medicine. Cases Journal recently merged with the Journal of Medical Case Reports but still maintains an independent internet portal. BMJ Case Reports is an online, peer-reviewed journal publishing cases in all disciplines. Radiology Case Reports and the Journal of Radiology Case Reports are open-access peer-reviewed journals focusing on medical imaging. Journal Of Surgical Case Reports is an open access peer reviewed journal that considers case reports in the field of surgery. There are a number of websites that allow patients to submit and share their own case reports with other people. Patients Like Me and Treatment Report are two such sites. Use of term outside science The term is also used to describe non-scientific reports usually prepared for their educational value. References Vandenbroucke JP. In defense of case reports and case series. Ann Intern Med 2001;134(4):330-4. PMID 11182844. Iles RL. Case Reports Guidebook to Better Medical Writing. ISBN 0-9661831-0-X Kidd M. Introducing Journal of Medical Case Reports. [1] Richardson ML, Chew FS. [2] Radiology Case Reports: A New Peer-Reviewed, Open-Access Journal Specializing in Case Reports. Radiology Case Reports. [Online] 2006;1:1-3. Richardson ML. Enhancing your resumé. A few practical tips for enhancing one's resumé by writing case reports. Jenkins D. What shall we do with case reports? [3] Talanow R. [4] A new interactive Radiology journal. Radiology Case. 2007 Dec; 1(1):1-3 ^ Iles 2004 ^ a b Yitschaky O, Yitschaky M, Zadik Y (May 2011). "Case report on trial: Do you, Doctor, swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth?" (PDF). J Med Case Reports 5 (1): 179. PMID 21569508. http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/pdf/1752-1947-5-179.pdf.  See also Case study Case series v · d · eBiomedical research: Clinical study design / Design of experiments Overview Clinical trial · Clinical trial protocol · Clinical trial management · Academic clinical trials Controlled study (EBM I to II-1; A to B) Randomized controlled trial (Blind experiment, Open-label trial) Observational study (EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C) Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study, Ecological study Cohort study (Retrospective cohort study, Prospective cohort study) Case-control study (Nested case-control study) Case series · Case study / Case report Epidemiology/ methods occurrence: Incidence (Cumulative incidence) · Prevalence (Point prevalence, Period prevalence) association: absolute (Absolute risk reduction, Attributable risk, Attributable risk percent) · relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio) other: Virulence · Infectivity · Mortality rate · Morbidity · Case fatality · Specificity and sensitivity · Likelihood-ratios · Pre/post-test probability Trial/test types In vitro / In vivo · Animal testing · Animal testing on non-human primates · First-in-man study · Multicenter trial · Seeding trial · Vaccine trial Analysis of clinical trials Risk-benefit analysis Interpretation of results Selection bias · Correlation does not imply causation · Null result Category · Glossary · List of topics